Training on semen analysis, semen preparation for IVF, IUI and ICSI and on semen cryopreservation.2010: Training for four weeks at the Andrology Laboratory at the Karolinska University Hospital. The training was on all aspects of semen analysis including assessment of sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm vitality, sperm staining and morphology and assessment of inflammatory cells. The methods used were those recommended by WHO 1999 and the NAFA-ESHRE Manual. Education upon swim-up technique and biochemical analysis of seminal zinc, fructose and a-glucosidase according in methods given in WHO and methods for detection of Y-chromosome microdeletions, cryopreservation of spermatozoa and preparation of testicular biopsies and cryopreservation of spermatozoa from testicular biopsy.